Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Tips & Guide

Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Tips & Guide Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Features Skilled legal writers take every chance to satisfy their objective. At com, we've got proficient experts that are adept to execute on any particular topic by your university. A clever professor will often offer you a set of facts that could go either way as a way to observe how well you analyze an arduous issue. The subject enables you to be in diverse sort of profession and opportunities that could possibly be pursued. Conclusions ought to be short and put regarding a probability. Although they might not act accordingly at times they're still children. Recent cases reveal that certainty is too high of a standard, even in the instance of adults. A judge may not use all the language of IRAC, may use unique versions of IRAC, and might talk about the elements of IRAC in a different purchase. You will likely not be knowledgeable about the law but it is going to provide you with a notion of the way in which an answer prepared employing the IRAC method might look. It's simpler to explain the IRAC method by employing some real examples it's also much simpler to understand this manner. If you believe that your answer will look a little stupid, just put everything in the 1 paragraph, but be sure you adhere to the IRAC structure. Furthermore, enforcing legal punish for consensual conduct would be quite challenging. Therefore, the person A doesn't have the right in compliance with the law. Our professional authors include Ph.D. credentials from renowned universities around the world. The law has developed over the last few years and assume to be a desired profession in the international perspective. If all points are found, than a case can be submitted. Law students spend plenty of time worrying about what's on an exam, but it's simpler than you think to determine what questions you're going to be asked. During the exam the professor isn't likely to state the matter. Most professors would like you to have a position and support it so as to observe how well you analyze. Thus, as part of the analysis, you might suggest an action plan that the business in question could utilize to realize its targets. To analyze a case study, thus, you must examine closely the difficulties with which the provider is confronted. It only states that it has to be possible to finish the contract in a year. A contract has to be in writing if it isn't possible to execute the contract within one year. Slander is the kind of defamation that you hear. The exact same words may have different meanings in various laws. The law of defamation is to safeguard the standing of the folks. Calculate the length of time you must compose an answer, and be certain you have the capacity to use your script within that timeframe. The ideal way to come across questions is to receive your hands on every available practice exam and write answers to every question. So me questions could include issues in more than 1 area of law. In the end, consider writing an answer. It's not clear from the question whether both of these conditions are pleased. There are five principal measures. This example is intended to illustrate a normal question and suggest an approach regarding how you might outline the relevant issues and facts. This material illustrates the procedure for outlining and test taking. To put it differently, the text has to be friendly to the reader. It has to not exceed 2000 words (such as footnotes). See the examples to observe how it's completed. Below you will discover a few distinctive examples. The Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Stories Likewise, different individuals may use rule, program, or conclusion to mean various things. So now you've got a succinct idea for what law means and how it is able to assist you in carving a career for you. There might be an additional rule by which the party ought to be judged. It's an economic system where the government controls production.D. Since Patricia appealed the case to the maximum court, a last judgment is deemed to have been produced on the issue. It permits you to form your own opinion about the validity of the courts generalization. Courts differ widely on a particular set of facts, and there's usually flexibility for unique interpretations. If a court thought it was important to incorporate that info in its opinion, perhaps it's just as important to include it into a brief of the situation.

From his Birth to Death, Martin Luther King, Jr....

Martin Luther King Jr. is best known for his role as an activist in the civil rights movement. However, the story of his life is a lesson taught throughout history classes’ nation wide. From birth to death King influenced the lives of many people. An everyday man changed the roles of society forever. Martin Luther King a brother, father, husband and also a key figure in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and died on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King as a young kid grew up in a loving and caring family. Martin Luther King Jr. attended many segregated public schools before entering college. In 1944 at the age of 15 King enrolled at Morehouse College in Atlanta under a special wartime program. When King entered Morehouse collage he liked the studies in medicine and law, but by senior year he had made his decision to go into ministry. He graduated from Morehouse College in 1948. After Morehouse College, King moved on and spent the next three years of his life at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. This place would later change his mind on nonviolence and start his movement with civil rights. King met Coretta Scott in Boston and they later married in 1953 and had four children (Martin Luther King Jr.). Martin Luther King Jr. went on to lead many marches, boycotts, and sit-ins. One in particular includ ing the Montgomery bus boycott. This consisted of a lady by the name of Rosa Parks, an AfricanShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 Pageslasted from 1865 to the late 1960s, three different amendments were composed and ratified in favor of African Americans. Many famous African Americans, from musicians to authors and leaders to entertainers, sprouted from the influence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activities, and the effect his death had onRead MoreMalcolm X And Martin Luther King Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesWhen it comes to the American Civil Rights Movement, Martin Luther King Jr. has often been portrayed prominence. Though this is true, the Civil Rights Movement involved other activists like Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Andrew Goodman, etc. Who all contrib uted to its success. Racism has always been a problem right from the United States’ creation. It involved discrimination and segregation of non-white races, and refusal to recognize and protect non-white citizenship rights enumerated in the constitutionRead MoreEssay on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and The Civil Rights Movement2125 Words   |  9 PagesMartin Luther King jr. was one of the most influential persons of the 20th Century. He is the father of the modern civil rights movement, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom as well as peace. King practiced everything that he preached, he did not preach or speak values that he himself did not follow. He established himself as a pastor that was not afraid of hard work, guiding the middle-class congregation to public service. For example, Peake, ThomasRead MoreLeadership As A Charismatic Leader1541 Words   |  7 Pageseffective today in many churches. It further talks about the c harismatic approaches of men like Martin Luther King Jr. and John F. Kennedy, Barak Obama who swept the nation off their feet because of the resounding eloquent speeches that many young and old now recite and hold true to their hearts. Moreover, this paper speaks about some twenty-first century charismatic leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Barak Obama, and Bill Clinton. Details are provided to show that Charisma is a process, whichRead MoreThe Turning Point Essay1937 Words   |  8 PagesThe Turning Point Life is a mystery. There is so much that we do not understand and so much we have yet to learn. Many questions we ponder frequently involve human nature. We often ask why people do certain things and why we act the way we do. Most of these highly debated topics will never be answered. We can only contemplate why everything occurs. One issue that is consistently brought up is that of good and evil. For centuries this subject has been disputed and countless theories have beenRead MoreProtests In Antigone By Sophocles1278 Words   |  6 PagesAntigone, angry at Creon’s refusal to bury her dead brother, decides to protest and go against the rule of the state. Creon responds in return, rashly sentencing Antigone to death. At the end, the play ends in tragedy, with Creon’s son Haemon, Creon’s wife, and Antigone all dead from their emotionally driven choices. Throughout his play, Sophocles’ develops the idea of pathos in protests, showing that emotions are the driving force in starting many protests, the use of pathos is essential if the protestRead MoreComparing Socrates And King : On Civil Disobedience1346 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Socrates and King: On Civil Disobedience Socrates, amongst the most influential thinkers to emerge from Greek civilization and, perhaps the most noble and wisest Athenian to have ever lived, many centuries before Christ, is noted for not writing anything himself as all that is known about his philosophical thought is through the writings of Xenophon and Plato. By contrast, Martin Luther King Jr. lived in the nineteenth century wherein his main legacy was to secure progress on African AmericanRead MoreSocrates Vs Crito Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesto emerge from Greek civilization and, perhaps the most noble and wisest Athenian to have ever lived, many centuries before Christ, is noted for not writing anything himself as all that is known about his philosophical thought is through the writings of Xenophon and Plato. By contrast, Martin Luther King Jr. lived in the nineteenth century wherein his main legacy was to secure progress on African American civil rights in the United States. Although it appears that both Socrates and King are incomparableRead MoreEgyptian Religion s Influence Over Christianity1588 Words   |  7 Pageshave taken some influence from these stories, including Christianity. Christianity, arguably founded in 33 C.E, (â€Å"Timeline of Christian History.†) was heavily influenced by ancient Egyptian religion, arguably founded in 3000 B.C.E. (Tyldesley) Though Christianity is one of the oldest religions in the world, it was and still is shaped by Egyptian religious stories and the extraordinary people within them. This paper will highlight the many ways Christianity was influenced by ancient Egyptian religionRead MoreRacial Injustice During The World War II934 Words   |  4 Pagescentury, but not unfairly to sense the hardship for equality. Victims of the crimes of hatred and vengeance were heavily targeted as being Japanese-Americans and African-Americans. The motive for the discrimination of the Japanese-Americans was influenced by the bombing of Pearl Harbor by Japan, w hich caused mainstream hatred toward all persons of Japanese ancestry. As an act of precaution, all Japanese-Americans were forced to be imprisoned in internment camps until the end of the war. Moreover

Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education. Answer: Introduction: The case study that is given is the business process of an ABC Education, which deals with many colleges. There are many branches of ABCE in different cities. All the colleges offer different types of courses with different departments. There are mainly two types of staffs in the company who operates all types of works in colleges, and each college has a particular manager who deals with all the operations in the colleges. The students have to first enroll their names in the registration form of the college and opt for the department option and the subjects they want to study in their course duration. There are many timing schedule of the classes that they have to choose accordingly. There two types of staffs including the administrative staffs and academic member who are known as the faculties of the college. All the faculty members has a maximum of 30 students in a class at the same time. Accordingly with different departments, there are different courses that the departments offer s. Each course has a number of subjects and each subject is denoted by some particular code. The report cards are generated for the students according to their chosen subjects and grades are given to them according to their performance. The issues that were encountered while drawing the ER Diagram of the company was with the cardinality. The relationships in between all the entities were very complex. The case study given is extremely large and so was very time consuming. The relationship between the entities defines dependencies in between all the attributes of the ERD. Business Rules Entity: ABC Education The company of ABC Education has many branches in different cities. All the branches offer a particular department who gives many numbers of courses. Entity: Course_Details Each entity Course_Details has many Department_Code. Each Department_Code has many Subject_Code included in them. Each Subject_Code has many Study_Period Each entity Course_Details has one and only one College_ID Entity: Manager_Details In entity Manager_Details each Manager_ID is associated with one and only one College_ID. Entity: Staffs In entity Staffs, there are two categories of staffs, and each Staff_ID is associated with only one F_EmailID and As_EmailID. Each Staff_ID is linked with one College_ID and the College_ID may change accordingly from time to time. Entity: Faculty_Staffs In entity Faculty_Staffs, there is a F_EmailID primary key that has one and only one value. In entity Faculty_Staffs, each faculty staff is connected with one or many Student_ID. Entity: Administrative_Staffs In entity Administrative_Staffs, there is a As_EmailID primary key that has one and only one value. Entity: Student In Student Entity, the primary key Student_ID is linked with Report_Card for making the report. In Student Entity, each Student_ID is connected with only one college. In Student Entity, each Student_ID can have one or more than Department_Code. In Student Entity, each Student_ID have many number of Course_Type. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has many Subject_code according to their Course_Type chosen. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has only one F_EmailID for a particular course chosen. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has many Subject_Code, which has many Study_Period. Entity: Subject_Detail In entity Subject_Detail, there is a unique key Subject_Code which has many Class_Detail. In entity Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one Department_Code. In entity Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one and many Subject_Period. Entity: Class_Detail In entity Class_Detail, the Study_Period is associated with many Student_ID. Each Study_Period is associated with only one F_EmailID. Each F_EmailID has a maximum of 30 students in each Study_Period. Each Study_Period has many Class_Name. Each Class_Name has many Time_Schedule. Entity: Report_Card In entity Report_Card, each Student_ID has one and only one Student_ID. From the ER Diagram, the total Business process can be handled by the main office of ABC Education. The database of the ERD can handle the employees, managers, and students involved in different colleges located in different locations. There are many numbers of students who enroll themselves in different colleges of ABC Education Company. In ER Diagram. Many data integrity constraints are involved in the ER Diagram of the Company. The issues that arose while drawing the ER Diagram is that the case study was that it was too large and too complex to handle. To minimize the complexity of the ERD, the work can be divided into smaller part so that the database can be handled small. Large database leads to more complexity and the administrator of database finds difficult to handle it. Bibliography Batini, C., Ceri, S. (2017). The Early Days of Entity-Relationship Modeling Retrospective on Dataid Project and Beyond. InConceptual Modeling Perspectives(pp. 259-268). Springer, Cham. Denzler, A., Kaufmann, M. (2017, December). Toward granular knowledge analytics for data intelligence: Extracting granular entity-relationship graphs for knowledge profiling. InBig Data (Big Data), 2017 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 923-928). IEEE. Dimitrieski, V., ?elikovi?, M., Aleksi?, S., Risti?, S., Lukovi?, I. (2014, September). Extended entity-relationship approach in a multi-paradigm information system modeling tool. InComputer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2014 Federated Conference on(pp. 1611-1620). IEEE. El?Assady, M., Sevastjanova, R., Gipp, B., Keim, D., Collins, C. (2017, June). NEREx: Named?Entity Relationship Exploration in Multi?Party Conversations. InComputer Graphics Forum(Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 213-225). Krishna, P. R., Khandekar, A., Karlapalem, K. (2016). Modeling dynamic relationship types for subsets of entity type instances and across entity types.Information Systems,60, 114-126. Liu, X., Chen, F., Fang, H., Wang, M. (2014). Exploiting entity relationship for query expansion in enterprise search.Information retrieval,17(3), 265-294. Thalheim, B., Tropmann-Frick, M. (2015, October). Enhancing entity-relationship schemata for conceptual database structure models. InInternational Conference on Conceptual Modeling(pp. 603-611). Springer, Cham. Vexler, V. A., Bazhenov, R. I., Bazhenova, N. G. (2014). Entity-relationship model of adult education in regional extended education system.Asian Social Science,10(20), 1.

Social media impact on political campaigns free essay sample

I would like to convey my deep affection to few persons and would love to acknowledge their appreciative help in our research project. The persons include my instructor Sir Sajjad Naseer and Ms. Maheen Haroon . Contents Abstract: Research on this topic would show on overall support or refute of social media playing a significant role in political campaigns. Given the support for social media‘s role in political campaigns, research would show how social media affected previous campaigns, specifically President Barack Obama‘s 2008 presidential campaign, and the growing importance of social media to future political campaigns. Research would also indicate the potential problems and best uses of social media in future campaigns. Introduction: Social media is the interaction among people in which they create, share, or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. Engagement through social networking sites and Twitter has become a marked feature of political and civic life for a significant portion of Americans . We will write a custom essay sample on Social media impact on political campaigns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the Mass Communication and Society study, the ability to express political views and opinions online plays an important role for social media in campaigns. Social media allow users to not only seek information but also interact with others through online expression such as posting political commentaries on blogs and social network sites and sharing multimedia commentary. In past campaigns, Facebook users have expressed themselves politically in many ways, such as making online donations, encouraging friends to vote, or posting graphics or status updates expressing political attitudes and opinions. Twitter and blogs have been used by candidates and voters to comment on social and political issues, share information and encourage participation. 38% of those who use social networking sites (SNS) or Twitter use those social media to â€Å"like† or promote material related to politics or social issues that others have posted. 35% of social media users have used the tools to encourage people to vote. 34% of social media users have used the tools to post their own thoughts or comments on political and social issues. According to the Mass Communication and Society study, the ability to express political views and opinions online plays an important role for social media in campaigns. Social media allow users to not only seek information but also interact with others through online expression such as posting political commentaries on blogs and social network sites and sharing multimedia commentary . In past campaigns, Facebook users have expressed themselves politically in many ways, such as making online donations, encouraging friends to vote, or posting graphics or status updates expressing political attitudes and opinions. Twitter and blogs have been used by candidates and voters to comment on social and political issues, share information and encourage participation. Also, YouTube and CNN partnered to sponsor a debate in which candidates took questions from user-created videos as opposed to a moderator. During the 2008 election, it was observed that Barack Obama, who won the election, had a large social media presence. In subsequent years after this election, many other candidates for political office created a presence on social media as well. This leads observers to question the correlation between social media and success in presidential campaigns. Research Questions  o How has social media been utilized in previous political campaigns, specifically the 2008 presidential campaign? o How has the use of social media changed in subsequent political campaigns? o Have there been any negative effects or new problems created because of social media? o What is the predicted future of social media use in political campaigns, particularly in the 2012 campaigns for president? Hypothesis: Ho: Social media can negatively and positively impact the way pol iticians are represented in political campaigns H1:The way politicians are represented are not linked to social media Research methodology: Research methodology used in the research paper is secondary research ,where the qualitative as well as quantitative research has been utilized . Literature review: Within the selection of resources reviewed, the following subcategories were identified: President Obama‘s use of social media in the 2008 presidential campaign, the current use of social media in political campaigns, problems with social media use, and the future predictions for use of social media. This is the order in which the following research is presented. It is important to note that some of these sources could be applied to any and all categories. These articles address the use of social media by President Barack Obama and his campaign staff during the campaign for president in 2008, the first campaign to use strongly social media. Articles that supported the idea that social media was an important part of Obama‘s campaign in 2008 addressed the thesis topic in question and formed the foundation for the research‘s hypothesis that social media affects political campaigns. President Obama‘s use of social media in the 2008 campaign and the apparent discrepancies between Obama‘s use and the use of his opposition, John McCain. These statistics, such as the fact that Obama had 2 million Facebook friends while McCain only had 600,000, show that Obama used social media much more than McCain in the 2008 election (Graber). Also, a November 7, 2008 article on the New York Times blog by Claire Cain Miller discussed the importance and effectiveness of Obama‘s use of social media, supporting the hypothesis that social media had an effect on the 2008 presidential campaign. Also, a study by Matthew James Kushin and Masahiro Yamamoto published in Mass Communication and Society, provided insight into the social media habits of young people (adults under the age of 30), a demographic targeted by Obama in the 2008 campaign. The study found that young people tend to get political information from social media more than any other age group . A 2011 study conducted by the Harvard Institute of Politics found similar results and concluded that 27% of young adults find that Facebook and other social media websites have more of an impact that other types of advocacy (Harvard Institute of Politics). These two studies show that the use of social media helped Barack Obama target young people in his 2008 campaign. Because this thesis concerns social media use, social media websites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube were used as source material. Of particular interest were Facebook groups like ? One Million Strong for Barack? and ? Students for Barack Obama? that emphasized user generated support for Obama during his 2008 campaign. ?One Million Strong? was created in 2007, before the official campaign, by Farouk Aregbe, and it helped mobilize supporters and organize events. (President Obama‘s official Facebook page was also viewed to gain insight into his use of social media. Also of interest were YouTube videos like William’s. Yes I Can,? that used celebrities to garner support for Obama, and the parody video ? I Got a Crush on Obama? by the Obama Girl, that was said to have made an impact on the campaign (Story: Obama Girl). These sources provided insight into the social media platforms and the viewing of them by campaign supporters. The focus of these sources is the use of social media after the 2008 election, namely in the 2010 midterm elections. These sources discuss the use of social media today, and how it has grown since the 2008 election. A study by the Pew Research Center provided useful statistics about the increasing use of social media websites and recent statistics about 2010 use. The study also details important details about the use of social media for political purposes in 2010. An article from Politico by Byron Tau echoes this sentiment and discusses the changes in the social networks themselves since 2008. The articles show that young people are not the only ones using these social networks now, a departure from the Obama‘s 2008 campaign. A New York Times article about the Pew report by Jennifer Preston describes this shift to social media and also discusses the use of social media by the different political parties. According to the article, in the 2008 election, Obama and the Democrats used social media well, but the Republicans lagged behind (Preston). The article shows that Republicans have now almost bridged the social media gap and are quickly catching up to Democrats in terms of social media use (Preston). This shows that social media is becoming important for all political candidates and is not just a fad for the 2008 election. Since social media is a relatively new way for politicians to communicate during political campaigns, it is not surprising that problems with social have arisen for politicians. These articles discuss the problems and challenges associated with social media, because it is important to note the negative effects of social media on political campaigns. A March 18, 2011 USA Today article discusses the problems that the speed of this technology can cause. Referring to Twitter, the article contends that ? †¦it now only takes 140 characters to damage a political campaign because these technologies move so quickly, any off color remark can instantly be read and shared by millions of people (Kucinich). An article by Noah Rothman, the editor of Campaigns and Elections, contends that blunders such as these are especially worrisome when candidates handle their own social media profiles without the help of staff (Rothman, Opposition. Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). The issue of social media providing damaging material for opposition researchers is also discussed in this article. While opposition researchers say they do monitor social networks, it is not their main source of finding information (Rothman, Opposition Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). A January 2011 New York Times article discusses the problems political bloggers can also present for candidates with the rise of social media (Peters). While it is important to note that bloggers now play a role in the social media landscape, if used correctly, social media can provide new strategies to combat these problems (Greyes). Another problem noted in these sources is the social media ineptitude of candidates campaigning in local politics. An article by Steve Pearson and Ford O‘Connell in Campaigns and Elections magazine describes the need for local politicians to utilize social media correctly (Pearson and OConnell, Avoiding Social Media Pitfalls). Pearson and O‘Connell discuss problems and solutions for local campaigns using social media. Though many campaigns do not do this, they advise that engaging with constituents and having a concrete message are two of the most important things to remember when using social media (Pearson and OConnell, Avoiding Social Media Pitfalls). Dusty Trice, a Democratic new media strategist, also lists suggestions to combat this problem, especially with Twitter. Natch Greyes, a Democratic media strategist, also provides recommendations to overcome these problems in an article in the March 2011 Campaigns and Elections magazine. The focus of these sources is on predictions for social media use in future campaigns, and suggestions about the best ways to use social media in the future. These articles that support the hypothesis that social media will continue to be an important part of political campaigns help conclude that social media has had a lasting effect on social media over the past 4 years. These articles feature predictions by many social media experts about the future of social media. An article by Byron Tau in Politico describes the changes in the social media landscape, and the implications for the 2012 campaign. The article states, ? †¦the rich, dynamic web of 2012 will bear little resemblance to the stodgy ? Web 2. 0‘-era Internet, circa 2008 (Tau).? In a radio interview with The Madeleine Brand Show, Dusty Trice, the Democratic social media strategist, describes the dramatic changes to Twitter and Facebook, two of the most popular social media websites used in the 2008 campaign (Trice, Social media pervades presidential politics). The article by Pearson and O‘Connell discusses the changes they believe must be made by politicians to keep up with the changing social media landscape. Tau‘s article expands on this and discusses the changes President Obama has made to his social media strategy to keep up with the changes in social media since the 2008 campaign. Though Trice contends that Obama‘s incumbency will provide an advantage in social media in the 2012 campaign (Trice, Social media pervades presidential politics), an April 2011 article by Jeremy Herb describes the strategies Republican presidential hopefuls are undertaking to compete with Obama in the 2012 campaign. These sources also describe different social media experts‘ takes on the best way to utilize social media in the future. In Greyes article, she says that ? nano targeting, especially for Twitter, will provide the most effective way to reach supporters (Greyes). In a Politco article, media strategists discuss the growing importance of Smartphone’s and mobile tablets in the social media sphere. It is important to note the one article that disputes the importance of social media in future campaigns in Jeremy Herb‘s ? In 2012, A New World for Online Campaigning?. This article contends that while social media will have a role in the 2012 campaigns, traditional communication methods such as e-mail and meet-and-greets will still raise the most money (Herb). Research questions President Barack Obama’s Use of Social Media in the 2008 Presidential Campaign President Barack Obama‘s 2008 presidential campaign changed the way political campaigns utilized the Internet, specifically social media, for political purposes. According to an April 4, 2011 article on the political blog Politico, ? †¦Obama brought the long-promised political power of the internet to bear on a presidential campaign, raising millions and organizing thousands through a groundbreaking website and massive email list (Tau).? Obama‘s use of social media in the 2008 campaign has been compared to former President John F. Kennedy‘s use of television. According to a November 7, 2008 New York Times article, ? One of the many ways that the election of Barack Obama as president has echoed that of John F. Kennedy is his use of a new medium that will forever change politics. For Mr. Kennedy, it was television. For Mr. Obama, it is the Internet (Miller).? Besides using email and a website, Obama focused on social media to mobilize volunteers and reach young voters . His widespread use of social media seemed to be a major factor in his victory over John McCain. According to political science professor G. R. Boynton, ? It is hard to imagine two campaigns more fully epitomizing the historical juncture crossed in the 2008 election. The McCain campaign was prototypical campaign past. The Obama campaign heralded campaigns to come. Obama had 2 million Facebook friends, while McCain had only 600,000. Disparities such as this were seen on other social media outlets like YouTube, Twitter, Flickr, Digg and BlackPlanet (Graber 193). Obama spent millions on advertising on Facebook and Google, while McCain used mainly television advertisements (Graber 194). Obama focused on social media sites to target young people and mobilize millions of volunteers, as well as receive donations. The campaign used social media to connect with voters and supporters. According to a March 2011 article by Natch Greyes, a Democratic strategist who has advised campaigns on social media strategy, in Campaigns and Elections magazine, ? †¦ the Obama campaign used social media platforms to encourage voters to participate in and organize campaign activities such as house parties where like-minded voters would gather to watch campaign events or participate in phone banks (Greyes).? Obama raised a record-breaking amount of funds, mainly through small donations. Facebook seemed to be the major social network used in the campaign. Obama‘s Facebook page, currently with more than 19 million likes, relays information about his whereabouts, as well as posts relevant news from the White House. Currently run by Obama for America, the President‘s 2012 campaign, the Facebook page lists Obama‘s favorite books, movies, television shows and hobbies, just like the Facebook page of any user. The team also runs Facebook pages targeted to specific demographics, such as Women for Obama, Latinos for Obama, and Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders for Obama. These pages contain posts with links and videos to news that pertains specifically to these groups. While Obama‘s campaign team created pages for Obama and his wife Michelle, voter and supporter-generated groups also played a major role in Obama‘s campaign. Facebook groups like ? One Million Strong for Barack, founded in 2007 by Farouk Olu Aregbe, have mobilized many volunteers and garnered support for Obama. ?One Million Strong? was one of the first pro-Obama groups on Facebook. According to the group‘s description, members of the group have used the group‘s discussion board to ?  coordinate political action with one another in order to propel Barack Obama to victory in the presidential election (Aregbe). Even after the election, the group continued to promote Obama‘s policies. According to the group‘s page, ? Throughout 2009 and 2010, we have also continued to network with each other and organize political action in order to shape the agenda of both the Democratic Party and the President (Aregbe).? Another group, Students for Barack Obama, was started in 2006 as an online petition to encourage Obama to run for President in 2008. Now, the group has expanded offline, into what is now the official student organization of Obama for America with over seven hundred chapters at schools across the country (Students for Barack Obama). According to the group‘s Facebook page, We‘re organizing students to register voters, get out the vote, raise funds, and spread Barack Obama‘s message of hope, action, change (Students for Barack Obama). YouTube was also a major component in the campaign. More than 1800 videos were uploaded by Obama supporters to the BarackObama. com channel, which counted about 115,000 subscribers (Graber). Only 330 videos were loaded to John McCain‘s YouTube channel, and they attracted just over 28,000 subscribers (Graber). In a November 7, 2008 New York Times article, Joe Trippi, a political consultant, said Obama‘s YouTube videos were more effective than television ads, because viewers chose to watch them or received them from a friend instead of having their television shows interrupted. Trippi also asserted that advertising on YouTube is much more cost effective. ?The campaign‘s official stuff they created for YouTube was watched for 14. 5 million hours,? Trippi said in the article. To buy 14. 5 million hours on broadcast TV is $47 million (Miller).? Also, internet sensations like the band Black Eyed Peas member William’s Yes I Can video, which has received more than 20 million views on YouTube, utilized celebrities like Scarlett Johansson, John Legend, Common and others to promote Obama and his campaign. Also, even parody videos like the Obama Girl‘s ? I Got a Crush on Obama helped to promote Obama. Originally posted in June 2007 by the comedy network Barely Political, the video was created as a parody after Obama announced his candidacy for President . According to a New York Times article about the video, ? That video probably had more to do with shaping Obama‘s complicated public image – young and exciting but maybe a bit shallow – than any Internet appeal devised by the candidate‘s own aides . In total, Obama Girl‘s videos have been viewed more than 100 million times, with I Got a Crush on Obama? receiving more than 20 million views Not only did Obama utilize each of these social media platforms, he also integrated them. According to the Greyes article, the Obama campaign focused on connecting with voters through a unified online presence. For example, new YouTube videos also appeared as Facebook posts, and new Facebook posts were also tweeted. ?By doing this the Obama campaign delivered the content supporters wanted in the format they wanted it (Greyes).? In the 2008 Barack Obama campaign, young adults (adults younger than 30 are usually considered in this designation) were a targeted demographic, especially through social media. According to the study in Mass Communication and Society, ? Attention to social media for campaign information was significant during the 2008 campaign, particularly among young adults (Kushin and Yamamoto).? In the study, 27% of adults younger than 30 reported obtaining campaign information from social network sites compared to 4% of adults age 30 to 39 and only 1% older than 40. As it turns out, social media is the best way to reach this age group. According to a March 2011 survey by the Harvard University Institute of Politics, 27% of 19- to 29-year15 olds — called Millennials by marketers — in the U. S. believe Facebook, other social media and blogs together have more of an impact than any kind of in-person advocacy in election campaigns (Harvard Institute of Politics). Also, the Harvard survey found that usage of Facebook by millennials has grown to 80% from 64% over the past year, and 90% of all college students polled by Harvard have Facebook accounts (Harvard Institute of Politics). The survey also found that Twitter usage was increasing among this age group – the percentage with Twitter accounts grew from 15% to 24% in the past year; growth in Facebook usage outpaced growth in Twitter usage by a three-to-one ratio, though (Harvard Institute of Politics). The political apathy sometimes associated with younger generations could also be remedied by social media. The Pew Internet and American Life Project reported that many young adults do not actively search for political information but rather encounter such information while going online for other purposes (Smith). Such unintended encounters can occur frequently in social media. According to the study in Mass Communication and Society, ? Facebook and Twitter, for example, deliver a stream of status updates by other users they friend or follow. These services push content to the user with limited active information seeking (Kushin and Yamamoto). So, even if young adults are not looking to find political information, they see and recognize it in many forms from their peers. The amount of information from these websites can have negative effects on political participation, though. According to the study ? The social media formats that present a wide variety of information simultaneously may distract users‘ attention and impair their capacity to extract politically efficacious information and see out additional political information (Kushin and Yamamoto). Current Use of Social Media in Political Campaigns While 2008 was the first time social media was a major part of a political campaign, the use of social media in the political arena has been increasing. According to the Pew Research Report, one in five adults who use the Internet, including a number of older, conservative Republicans, turned to social networks to get or share information about the midterm elections in 2010 (Preston). Also, according to a study by Nielsen, 25% of all time spent online is on social networks, and more than 170 million Americans over the age of fifteen accesses social media platforms each month (Preston). Also, the study found that viewing online political videos in the months leading up to the 2010 elections rose to 31% among adult Internet users from 19% in 2006 (Preston). Though the Obama campaign was one of the first to use social media for campaign purposes, most political candidates are now using social media. According to the Greyes article, ? In 2010, nearly every campaign used the strategies developed by the Obama campaign†¦ (Greyes). According to the April 2011 Politico article, ? Twitter and Facebook are no longer mere social networks – rather they‘re robust, sophisticated digital platforms with developer tools that let third parties build entire services around them (Tau). According to the article, Facebook had less than 100 million users throughout the entire primary campaign in 2008. By inauguration day in 2009, Facebook had reached about 150 million users. As of April 2011, Facebook had over half a billion – a five-fold increase since mid-2008 (Tau). Besides use for political purposes, money allocation for social media by political campaigns has also increased. Overall, you see significant budgets going to Facebook – because that‘s where users are, said Vincent Harris, a Republican media consultant who helped run the digital shops for Mike Huckabee and Virginia Gov. Bob McDonnell in the April 2011 Politico article (Tau). Now, it‘s not just young people, one of the most targeted groups in the Obama campaign, who are now using platforms like Facebook. ?There‘s an interesting understanding among savvy operators: not just young people are using these tools,? said Adam Conner, associate manger for Facebook‘s public-policy division in the April 2011 Politico article (Tau). In a March 1, 2011 article in Campaigns and Elections magazine, Justin Hart, managing director at RaiseDigital, a new media consulting group, said that as older users increasingly take to social media platforms campaigns and legislative offices would be foolish not to pay attention to them. When you look at the fastest growing demographics on places like YouTube and Facebook, they are people fifty and up who are absolutely voters. They are also likely donors, which is part of what will make social media increasingly important to future campaigns,? Hart said in the article . Facebook is also being used for new purposes. According to the Facebook page U. S. Politics on Facebook, which highlights the latest uses of Facebook by politicians, Obama held a Facebook Live town hall meeting in Silicon Valley, demonstrating that social media is playing an increasing role in politics. Also, in June 2009, Republican State Rep. Justin Amash began posting every vote from the floor of the Michigan House of Representatives (Silverman). He then began posting his own votes, with explanations. According to a June 2010 article on mashable. com, a news site devoted to social media, Amash had positive feedback. ?I instantly received comments from dozens of people who wanted me to know how much they appreciated what I was doing. It became clear to me that posting my votes in real-time on Facebook could revolutionize the process of legislating,? Amash said in the article (Silverman). Amash said in the article that his strategy has helped him gain credibility with voters (Silverman). The gap in social media use by Republicans and Democrats is also closing. Though Obama and the Democrats won the social media battle of the 2008 election, Republicans caught up by 2010 (Preston). ?There was a great leveling out between the activists on both sides, said Patrick Ruffini, a Republican political online strategist who was the digital adviser to President George W. Bush‘s campaign in 2004 and later for the Republican national committee, in a March 2011 article in The New York Times. ?The notion that the Internet was owned by liberals, owned by the left in the wake of the Obama victory, has proven false (Preston).? Most Americans believe the Internet provides more political views than newspaper and television. According to the Pew report, 61% of adults surveyed agreed that the Internet exposed people to a wider range of political views than they might get from traditional news media sources But more quantity doesn‘t always mean better quality. The report found that 56% of Internet users believe it is usually difficult to differentiate information they find on the Internet that is true from information that is not true (Preston). This could mean an increase in social media use for political purposes, though. Alan Rosenblatt, associate director of online advocacy at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, said in the New York Times article that the lack of trust is what will drive more people to use social networks because that is where they can find recommendations and information from trusted friends (Preston). ?Given the opportunity to interact with people rather than institutions, people are looking to connect with people they can trust, Rosenblatt said in the article (Preston). Problems of Social Media Use in Political Campaigns While social media provides a new campaign platform, it also creates new problems. According to a March 18, 2011 article in USA Today, ? As the 2012 presidential race gears up, the growing popularity of Twitter is forcing potential candidates to confront an unfriendly digital reality: It now only takes 140 characters to damage a political campaign (Kucinich).? The instantaneous nature of social media sites can be very destructive. The rise of social media such as Twitter, Facebook and YouTube have accelerated the rate an off-color remark or e-mail can be posted on a news site and in seconds turn into a national news story read by millions of people, the USA Today article said (Kucinich). While political blunders have been caught on tape or sent in email for years, the speed at which bad news travels is dramatically faster than the 2008 presidential campaign (Kucinich). Recently, an example of this was seen through the campaign of Mississippi Gov. Haley Barbour, a potential Republican presidential hopeful. A spokesman for Barbour resigned mere hours after news reports revealed the aide had made a series of insensitive jokes in daily e-mails about earthquake victims in Japan, Janet Reno, and genocide in Cambodia (Kucinich). News of these e-mails, broken by Politico, ? ricocheted across Twitter and the blogosphere? (Kucinich). Phil Singer, a Democratic strategist and former spokesman for Hillary Clinton‘s 2008 presidential bid, called digital media ? ?gotcha politics‘ on steroids. There is also an issue with candidates running and using their own Facebook and Twitter accounts. Political consultants worry that allowing their clients to interact directly with online followers on social media platforms can result in embarrassing missteps that can cost them the campaign. According to a March 2011 article in Campaigns and Elections magazine by Noah Rothman, Facebook is generally a safe forum for interacting with followers because most candidates have a representative take care of their Facebook posting (Rothman, Opposition Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). But candidates still have to be cautious of their Facebook posts. Darren Eustance, president of the North Carolina-based Republican consulting firm Malleaus Political Strategies, said in the Campaign and Elections article that one of his clients who was running for chair of the Young Republican National Federation was strongly criticized for a comment she made on a comment from someone else (Rothman,Opposition Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). ?Someone commented on her page something stupid and racist about Obama,? said Eustance in the article. ?This candidate commented on her post, basically saying ? LOL, good comment, ha ha, you tell ? em. ‘ That came back on her like nothing else (Rothman, Opposition Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). Twitter seems to be the bigger problem with things like this, though, because candidates often compose their own tweets. ?In my experience, you are more likely to find stupid stuff on Twitter than anything else,? Eustance said in the article (Rothman, Opposition Researchers Say Its Still Safe to Tweet). But Dusty Trice, a Democratic campaign consultant, believes that having staffers put up messages will soon be a thing of the past as candidates become more comfortable with technology (Trice, Social media pervades presidential politics). In an interview with The Madeleine Brand Show on 89. 3 KPCC, Southern California public radio, he cited John McCain as one political figure who already handles his own Twitter account and does it well (Trice, Social media pervades presidential politics). Some recent remarks made by McCain about Jersey Shore star Nicole ? Snooki? Polizzi resonated with audiences. It was a news item that he did it,and it highlighted