Supply And Demand And Their Determinants Economics Essay

Supply And Demand And Their Determinants Economics Essay Buyers are called demanders, and Sellers and called suppliers. In this chapter we are particularly interested in using a large number of independent buyers and sellers. The Product Market involves goods and services, and the Factor Market involves the factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial ability). DEMAND IS A SCHEDULE that shows the amounts of a product consumers are willing and/or able to buy at each price using a series of possible prices during a specific time frame. The schedule shows how many units buyers (demanders) are willing and able to buy at the possible prices. The market price depends on the intersection of demand and supply. The (General) Law of Demand uses the assumption of ceteris paribus (other things being equal). This implies that as price increases, the corresponding quantity demanded falls. In other words, there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. The ceteris paribus assumption refers to constant prices of related goods, income, tastes, and all other things besides price. We will briefly touch upon the Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS). This concept is related to the Income Effect and the Substitution Effect. The Income Effect is when a lower price increases the purchasing power of money income enabling one to buy more at a lower price or less at a higher price, when incomes are unchanged. The Substitution Effect is when lower prices give incentive to substitute the lower priced good for now relatively higher priced goods. The Marginal Rate of Substitution is the rate, at the margin, at which a consumer is prepared to substitute one good or service for another and remain equally satisfied (have the same total Utility); and is equal to the slope of an indifference curve (Managerial Economics). The demand curve shows an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. It has a downward slope indicating a lower quantity at a higher price; or a higher quantity at a lower price. Quantity is on the horizontal axis and price is on the vertical axis. Market demand is the horizontal sum of individual demands. The transition from an individual demand schedule to a market demand schedule is done by summing individual quantities at various price levels. The market curve is the horizontal sum of individual curves. What other things affect demand (other that price)? Note that changes in the determinants of demand shift the location of the demand curve to the right or left. The determinants of demand are referred to as demand shifters. A change in a determinant of demand will change the demand schedule. A shift in the location of the demand curve is called a change in demand. Determinants of Demand 1. Tastes favorable changes increase demand, unfavorable changes decrease demand. 2. Population More buyers increase demand, fewer buyers decrease demand. 3. Income more income increases demand, less income decreases demand for normal goods. (An inferior good is when demand varies inversely with income). 4. Prices of related goods Substitute goods (can be used in place of each other). This implies that the price of the substitute and demand for the other good are directly related, e.g., if the price of Coors beer rises then the demand for Budweiser will also rise. Complementary goods (can be used together, such as tennis balls and rackets, or college tuition and books). When goods are complements, there is an inverse relationship between price of one good and the demand for the other (e.g., if tuition rises, then students take fewer courses such that book demand will be lower). 5. Expectations consumers views about the future prices, product availability, and income can shift the demand curve. A change in the quantity demanded denotes movement from one point to another on a fixed demand curve. That is, it denotes movement from one price-quantity relationship to another. Usually, the cause of a change in quantity demanded is a change in the price of a product under consideration. SUPPLY Quantity Supplied and its relationship to price which is normally referred to as Supply are developed into a SCHEDULE that shows amounts of a product a supplier is willing and able to produce and sell at each specific price in a series of possible prices during a specific time frame. The supply schedule shows those quantities that can be offered at various prices or answers the question, At what price will be required to induce various quantities to be offered? The general Law of Supply means that producers will produce and sell more of their product at a high price than at a low price. There is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. Given product costs, a higher price implies greater profits and thus an incentive to increase the quantity supplied. A change in any of the determinants of supply can cause a change in supply, and a shift in the supply curve. These determinants of supply are called supply shifters. An increase in supply involves a rightward shift, where a decrease in supply involves a leftward shift. Note also that any movement along a fixed supply curve is referred to as a Change in Quantity Supplied. Determinants of Supply 1. Resource Prices, i.e., the prices of the Factors of Production a rise in resource prices (of materials, labor, or other inputs) will cause a decrease in supply or a leftward shift in the supply curve; a decrease in resource prices will cause an increase in supply or a rightward shift in the supply curve. 2. Technology a technological improvement means more efficient production and lower costs so an increase in supply or a rightward shift in the supply curve. 3. Taxes Subsidies a business tax is treated as a cost so decreases supply; a subsidy lowers cost of production so increases supply. 4. Prices of other related goods If the price of a substitute goods rise, producers can shift production towards the higher priced good causing a decrease in supply of the original good. If a raw material has a by-product, an increase in supply of one good implies a corresponding increase in supply of the by-product. 5. Expectations Expectations about the future price of a product can cause producers to increase or decrease current supply. Inventories become important, e.g., the supply of gasoline as compared with heating oil. Number of Suppliers Generally the larger the number of suppliers the greater the supply. Weather conditions- Generally favorable conditions increase supply and unfavorable conditions decrease supply. STATIC ANALYSIS Static analysis is a sub-field of positive economic analysis that answers the questions about states of the economies, not about the process of change. One way of looking at economic phenomena is to examine the state of the economy under consideration by comparing one state with another. This is termed comparative statics. By the state of a given economy one would appear to mean its average performance over a fairly long period, short-run fluctuations being canceled out. A static model exhibits an unchanging economy. The static equilibrium model is a methodology that attempts to balance economic forces. In a static economy (in which wants are unchanging and resources are unchanging), the state of equilibrium is where all the individuals or business firms in it are choosing those quantities that they prefer to produce or to consume. Labor and capital (as well as other factors of production) are taken to be constant in a static economy. In other words, static theory can be treated as if it were in equilibrium, i.e., the quantities produced and consumed will be near their equilibrium quantities. By treating economic phenomena in this way, we can gain insights into the structure of the economy. Static equilibrium shows equilibrium at a point in time.

Compare and Contrast Sudanic and Mongolian Empires

While the West African Sudanic Empire and Mongols were similar because they both had great centers of trade, such as Timbuktu and the Silk Road, and had a flourishing economy, the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam whereas the Mongols accepted many different faiths and the Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest through violence, while the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies. The Mongols and the Sudanic empires both had successful economies. The Mongols conquered China in 1220 and established control there.This control enabled them to have ownership of the Silk Road, which brought in plenty of cash due to the demand for Chinese products such as porcelain, silk, etc. The Mongols also took taxes and tributes from their subjects, which provided them with money for their military campaigns. The Sudanic Empire had control of the trans-Saharan trade, which included centers of trade such as Timbuktu. Under Sunni Ali, the empire reached high levels in trade an d economic success. While the Sudanic Empire was greatly influenced by Islam, the Mongols did not follow any one religion.Through trade and interaction, the religion of Islam was spread to the Sudanic Empire. Because it was accepted by many rulers, much of the population converted to Islam. The religion became so popular that, in the 1500s, the trading city of Timbuktu had a prominent Islamic university &180 schools that taught the Quran. The Mongol Empire had a polytheistic religion in the beginning, but had no governing organized religion system. Through interaction, many Mongols converted to faiths such as Islam and Christianity because they were stationed in areas where those religions were popular, such as Persia and Baghdad.There was never any extremely popular faith that the Mongos followed. Although the Sudanic and Mongol empires had different faiths, they were both tolerant to other religions. The Sudanic Empire continued to let the African polytheistic religions practice t heir faith and the Mongols did not disturb the religions of the places they conquered but rather assimilated to them. The Mongol Empire rose though war and conquest through violence, while the Sudanic Empire rose through more peaceful strategies.The Mongols were known for their great skill on the battlefield. It was through this skill that they conquered their subjects. Killing and looting was the Mongolian past time and was a fun experience for them. Under Genghis Khan, the Mongols massacred and devastated civilizations. The Sudanic Empire was much less destructive, compared to the Mongols. There was some violence for example when the Mali Empire replaced the Ghanaians, but it was not as large scale as the Mongols massacring Baghdad.

Civil engineering design Construction and Maintance Essay

The work of civil engineers is visible across the environment we live in. The main purpose of this essay is to assist students have a better understanding of the civil engineering as a scientific field. In this essay I will make an analysis of civil engineering meaning and the specifics of civil engineering in all aspects. I will specifically examine civil engineering at Michigan State University and the courses required in this major. I will also make an analysis of how writing is important in the civil engineering field. The contribution of civil engineers to the society will also be included. The different career paths a student can pursue when majoring in civil engineering and the salary of civil engineers will be reviewed last. But before going into that, I am going to give you background information of what made me interested in majoring in civil engineering. Background Information, Why I Chose Civil Engineering as my Major? I believe that the best way every student should consider while choosing their major is making a choice of what they love. This is what I exactly did. When I was young, I marveled at how the buildings stood majestically. The thought of buildings designs and the dynamics involved in the construction really fascinated me. While I grew up I realized all this was a civil engineers’ work. Since middle school the idea of studying civil engineering in college stuck in my mind. The more literature I reviewed about civil engineering, the more I loved it. The thought of planning and designing on paper and then seeing the results is very rewarding to me. The History of Civil Engineering Engineering is one of life’s aspects that have existed since the origin of humans. Thousands of years ago, humans hunted and gathered for food. There was no urgency to build shelter as they were always on the move. Later on, people began to get acquainted new ways of getting food. They learned how to plant fruits and vegetables and how to domesticate animals. As a result, they did not need to move all the time and they needed homes. They started by building tents but gradually they learned how to use the available natural resources like stone, wood, and vegetable fiber to build stronger and more convenient homesCITATION Fon01 p 21 l 1033 (Font, Criswell and Grigg 21). They also began to build roads and bridges to make it easy to move from place to place. In modern day, houses, buildings, bridges and other structures construction occurs from the skills passed by our ancestors where they constructed stable buildings (Salvadori 11). Theses skills that are needed to build safe str uctures are the skills of civil engineers. What Does Civil Engineering Mean? The word Engineering by itself means the art of putting the scientific knowledge in practice and using it in practical life. The engineer thus uses his scientific knowledge to design, build, and maintain engines, machines or public works. While the word Civil is relates to ordinary citizens and their concerns. Civil engineering therefore refers to the science that applies scientific knowledge to serve the civic life in the daily functions through infrastructure. The Civil Engineering is the art and science of designing the infrastructure of the modern civil societies, the process of planning and design in addition to the establishment of various facilities and facilities that serve people is a civil engineering generally. These facilities include highways that connect cities to each other, and airports, and sewage treatment that protects our environmentCITATION Kos94 p 21 l 1033 ( Kostival and Mason 21). Civil Engineering Requirement at MSU There are 128 credits that a student needs to complete to receive a degree of Bachelor in Civil engineering at MSU. Students majoring in civil engineering must first complete the university requirement courses. After completing the university requirement there are six courses that a student must complete to apply to the college of engineering. These six core courses are EGR102, EGR100, MTH132, MTH133, CEM141, and PHY183. Completing these courses is not the only requirement to make application to the college of engineering; a student must also obtain a minimum required GPA of 3.2 and above. After that comes the major requirement, and there are 66 credits that will be obtained from these courses. After completing all of the major requirements, a student must complete 18 credits of the major tracks. There are seven tracks of civil engineering at MSU which are as follows; environmental track, geotechnical track, pavements track, structures track, transportation track, water resources track, and general track. For each track there are different required courses. Students must earn 18 credits from these tracks, 9 credits must be obtained from one track and the additional 9 credits must include courses from three different tracks (â€Å"Undergraduate degree – Civil Engineering†). The Importance of Writing in Civil Engineering I believe that writing is the basis for every course, and it’s important throughout college life. It helps in communicating our best knowledge in the respective fields we choose. Writing is quite a challenging task especially for international student; this is reason why it is important to enroll in prewriting classes as it improves writing skills. In the pursuit of our majors writing of research papers and case studies is mandatory. In addition to this, some exams sat in college entail questions that we must answer by writing short paragraphs. Writing classes is thus build the foundation of writing strategies that will help in the course of our majors. Why Civil Engineering is Important in our Lives? Civil engineering is an important part of our life, and the work of civil engineers is present in almost all aspects of our life. The electricity that we use everyday is provided by the constructions of the dams and power stations that require civil engineers. The clean water that we drink everyday is provided by the water and sewage treatment plants, which again require civil engineers. The roads that we drive everyday are also civil engineers’ work (â€Å"What is Civil Engineering†). The buildings that we live or work in are civil engineers’ work. Civil engineering helps improve the lives of millions of people everyday. Moreover, civil engineering gives shape and recognition to each society. For example, Many people when they hear of India, the picture that pops up in their heads is the picture of Taj Mahal, when they hear of Paris, they imagine the Eiffel Tower, and when they hear of London, they immediately think of Big Ben. The same happens when they hear of any other country or city; people tend to imagine the picture of the best-known landmarks or attractions in there. All these landmarks were built and designed by the help of civil engineers The importance of specialization of civil engineering can be realized through its definition. It’s a one the engineering disciplines that humans cannot live without it. The human need for homes to live in and be safe and protected from the summer heat and the winter cold. Humans need safety and the means of transportation to move between cities without noticing the long distance. Dams are a one of the examples that show us the importance of civil engineering of human beings. The importance of water resources and quality of human beings is the factor shows us how important is civil engineering for the community. Whenever the number of people in the community increases and there was a problem of limited spaces, this problem will not be solved without the presence of civil engineers. The civil engineer is the person who designs the foundations of safe buildings, builds the safe and economical towers; he is the one who ensures the presence of clean water and high quality of cities . The Different Career Paths of Civil Engineering There are a number of sub-disciplines of civil engineering. As I mentioned above there are six sub-disciplines of civil engineering at Michigan State University. There are many different branches from Engineering major. First, Environmental engineering, which interests on dealing with every aspect on the environment.   For example, environmental engineers work on constructing the water supplies that would protect the environment from water pollution and the consequences related to that such as where the waste of water would go as well as the solid waste and so on. Another branch is Geotechnical engineering. This deals with building the roads, tunnels, dams, and slopes using the rocks and the soil as the raw materials. Also, there is Structural Engineering, which is more in structuring buildings and bridges using other materials such as concrete and steel as the raw materials. Pavement Engineering is another one that is for the design and analysis of the asphalt and concrete pavemen ts. Also, Transportation Engineering, and this deals with the transit systems, designing highways, and constructing airports (â€Å"The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Degree†). When a student enters the workplace as civil engineer, he must go on to become certified as a professional Engineer (PE). â€Å"A civil engineer without this certification is limited in their authority. The PE license allows them the authority to sign off on all projects within their professional specialty† (â€Å"Becoming a Civil Engineer†). Salary of civil engineers The starting salary of civil engineering is relatively less than the other engineering disciplines such as computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and so on. However, the chances of getting a job is higher because civil engineers are always in demand as civil engineer’s job is important for the function of a society. Even with bad economy the society does not stop functioning, for example having bad economy does not mean that you drink poisoned water. Another reason that makes civil engineers always in demand is that the job of civil engineers cannot be outsourced, for example, you can’t build a bridge in china and ship it to the U.S. In comparison, other engineering disciplines’ job can be outsourced, for example, you can build a car or a computer in china and ship it to the U.S. (Buch). Conclusion Civil engineering is a worthwhile major and it places the individual on a career path that is definitely worth pursuing. It’s a major that give satisfaction to a person because he knows that he is helping the society and the people. Our modern life nowadays depends upon civil engineering. References BIBLIOGRAPHY Kostival, L M and John Michael Mason. Civil Engineering Careers: A User’s Guide for Awareness, Retention, and Curriculum Programs, Issue 347, Part 2. Transportation Research Board, 1994. Font, Darrell G, Marvin E Criswell and Neil S Grigg. Civil Engineering Practice in the Twenty-First Century: Knowledge and Skills for Design and Management. ASCE Publications, 2001. â€Å"Becoming a Civil Engineer.† Civil Engineering Careers. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . Buch, Neeraj. â€Å"Civil Engineering.† Personal interview. 3 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Civil Engineering.† Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"History of Engineering.† Civil Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . Salvadori, Mario. The Art of Construction Projects and Principles for Beginning Engineers & Architects. Chicago: Chicago Review, 2000. Print. â€Å"The Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Degree.† Michigan State University, Civil and Environmental Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"Undergraduate Degree – Civil Engineering.† Michigan State University, Office of the Registrar. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"What is Civil Engineering.† Civil Engineering. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014. . â€Å" Source document

Love and friendship in George Orwells 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 833 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The stories written by George Orwell feature several critical themes. Orwell wrote several books which held stories of interest to the life of people during his days and the prospects of the future. His narrations dealt with the issues that affected society during his time and what he considered would be the case in the future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Love and friendship in George Orwell\s 1984" essay for you Create order Most of his books, therefore, became good for the audiences who read them in later days and have interested readers to this day. However, perhaps the most interesting of his books is the one called 1984. In this book, several themes appear although perhaps the most imperative are the way the government controls love and friendship. The government of Oceania controlled love and friendship amongst its citizens. The story of 1984 presents a government which attempted to hold the lives of its citizens at ransom and which insists the life of these people maintain an allegiance to the big brother only. This meant that the people could only concentrate on loving and dedicating themselves to the big brother alone. This paper will analyze the themes of love and friendship in the book 1984. Similarly, this study will examine the way that the government ensured that these two subjects were controlled. Finally, this study will give examples of how the ruling party ensured the elimination of love for the benefit of the government through giving examples. Friendship in Oceania The big brother and the inner party of Oceania tried to ensure a state of complete friendlessness. In the book 1984, the author displays a state where all the activities are centered on trying to please the big brother. All the jobs are made to create the will of the inner party and the big brother without the inclusion of the friendliness of normal society. This can be seen from the instances in which Winston moves around town with several screens and cameras pointed at him. The importance of a society which does work without any happiness or communication with other workers shows just how well the inner party eliminated friendship.   Therefore, friendship in Oceania was virtually nonexistent as everyone was concentrating on their jobs and their association with the big brother. The inner party also eliminated association in the workplaces and communities. This fact can be seen when first Julia and Winston meet. Winston sees Julia as a spy to the inner party who might give him up because of his thoughts against them. Julia also sees him as a traitor who might give her up. These images show how well the government of Oceania had eliminated friendship as every individual considered the other to be a spy. The inner party, as an agent of the big brother, therefore controlled friendship in Oceania completely. Through such actions as the time when Obrien betrays the two lovers to the inner party, the reader can realize that Oceania is full of traitors and liars and lacks true friends who can tell the truth. Similarly, when Winston betrays Julia by shouting that Obrien should hurt Julia and not him, the level to which the governance controls friendship becomes evident. Therefore, it is easy to determine that the big brother and the inner party successfully managed friendship in Oceania and virtually destroyed it. Love in Oceania The nation of Oceania lives in love of the big brother rather than love of each other. Every ting in Oceania is controlled to maintain the dedication to the inner party and the big brother. This strategy involves limiting love between couples and married people to retain the love for the big brother. From these systems, sex is also reduced to the bare minimum and treated as a useless formality for making children rather than a thing of love. This makes the people of this nation fret upon sex as they view it as unimportant.   By this system, the government controls love in Oceania by limiting the attachment that should come from sex to couples and makes the people direct their love to the state only. Through the story such as that of Julia and Winston, 1984 shows how love is controlled in Oceania. Julia and Winston fall in love but they are betrayed, and they face torture by the betrayer to divert their love to the big brother. This is not unlike his earlier marriage which failed because the government refused sex and intimacy. However, in a twist of fate, the government agent Obrien is able to change his view due to the torture which makes Winston lose love for Julia. This experience shows how the government insists on diverting the love to one direction only. In conclusion, the themes of love and friendship appear severally in the book called 1984. Showing how the government of that nation refuses these two important things and denies the citizens their rights, this book becomes important to society of today. It serves an important point to show that certain notions such as complete dedication to the government can eliminate the importance of life itself.

Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Tips & Guide

Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Tips & Guide Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Features Skilled legal writers take every chance to satisfy their objective. At com, we've got proficient experts that are adept to execute on any particular topic by your university. A clever professor will often offer you a set of facts that could go either way as a way to observe how well you analyze an arduous issue. The subject enables you to be in diverse sort of profession and opportunities that could possibly be pursued. Conclusions ought to be short and put regarding a probability. Although they might not act accordingly at times they're still children. Recent cases reveal that certainty is too high of a standard, even in the instance of adults. A judge may not use all the language of IRAC, may use unique versions of IRAC, and might talk about the elements of IRAC in a different purchase. You will likely not be knowledgeable about the law but it is going to provide you with a notion of the way in which an answer prepared employing the IRAC method might look. It's simpler to explain the IRAC method by employing some real examples it's also much simpler to understand this manner. If you believe that your answer will look a little stupid, just put everything in the 1 paragraph, but be sure you adhere to the IRAC structure. Furthermore, enforcing legal punish for consensual conduct would be quite challenging. Therefore, the person A doesn't have the right in compliance with the law. Our professional authors include Ph.D. credentials from renowned universities around the world. The law has developed over the last few years and assume to be a desired profession in the international perspective. If all points are found, than a case can be submitted. Law students spend plenty of time worrying about what's on an exam, but it's simpler than you think to determine what questions you're going to be asked. During the exam the professor isn't likely to state the matter. Most professors would like you to have a position and support it so as to observe how well you analyze. Thus, as part of the analysis, you might suggest an action plan that the business in question could utilize to realize its targets. To analyze a case study, thus, you must examine closely the difficulties with which the provider is confronted. It only states that it has to be possible to finish the contract in a year. A contract has to be in writing if it isn't possible to execute the contract within one year. Slander is the kind of defamation that you hear. The exact same words may have different meanings in various laws. The law of defamation is to safeguard the standing of the folks. Calculate the length of time you must compose an answer, and be certain you have the capacity to use your script within that timeframe. The ideal way to come across questions is to receive your hands on every available practice exam and write answers to every question. So me questions could include issues in more than 1 area of law. In the end, consider writing an answer. It's not clear from the question whether both of these conditions are pleased. There are five principal measures. This example is intended to illustrate a normal question and suggest an approach regarding how you might outline the relevant issues and facts. This material illustrates the procedure for outlining and test taking. To put it differently, the text has to be friendly to the reader. It has to not exceed 2000 words (such as footnotes). See the examples to observe how it's completed. Below you will discover a few distinctive examples. The Irac Essay Samples for Many Issues Stories Likewise, different individuals may use rule, program, or conclusion to mean various things. So now you've got a succinct idea for what law means and how it is able to assist you in carving a career for you. There might be an additional rule by which the party ought to be judged. It's an economic system where the government controls production.D. Since Patricia appealed the case to the maximum court, a last judgment is deemed to have been produced on the issue. It permits you to form your own opinion about the validity of the courts generalization. Courts differ widely on a particular set of facts, and there's usually flexibility for unique interpretations. If a court thought it was important to incorporate that info in its opinion, perhaps it's just as important to include it into a brief of the situation.

From his Birth to Death, Martin Luther King, Jr....

Martin Luther King Jr. is best known for his role as an activist in the civil rights movement. However, the story of his life is a lesson taught throughout history classes’ nation wide. From birth to death King influenced the lives of many people. An everyday man changed the roles of society forever. Martin Luther King a brother, father, husband and also a key figure in the civil rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and died on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King as a young kid grew up in a loving and caring family. Martin Luther King Jr. attended many segregated public schools before entering college. In 1944 at the age of 15 King enrolled at Morehouse College in Atlanta under a special wartime program. When King entered Morehouse collage he liked the studies in medicine and law, but by senior year he had made his decision to go into ministry. He graduated from Morehouse College in 1948. After Morehouse College, King moved on and spent the next three years of his life at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. This place would later change his mind on nonviolence and start his movement with civil rights. King met Coretta Scott in Boston and they later married in 1953 and had four children (Martin Luther King Jr.). Martin Luther King Jr. went on to lead many marches, boycotts, and sit-ins. One in particular includ ing the Montgomery bus boycott. This consisted of a lady by the name of Rosa Parks, an AfricanShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 Pageslasted from 1865 to the late 1960s, three different amendments were composed and ratified in favor of African Americans. Many famous African Americans, from musicians to authors and leaders to entertainers, sprouted from the influence of this period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. 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As an act of precaution, all Japanese-Americans were forced to be imprisoned in internment camps until the end of the war. Moreover

Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Entity Relationship Diagram of ABC Education. Answer: Introduction: The case study that is given is the business process of an ABC Education, which deals with many colleges. There are many branches of ABCE in different cities. All the colleges offer different types of courses with different departments. There are mainly two types of staffs in the company who operates all types of works in colleges, and each college has a particular manager who deals with all the operations in the colleges. The students have to first enroll their names in the registration form of the college and opt for the department option and the subjects they want to study in their course duration. There are many timing schedule of the classes that they have to choose accordingly. There two types of staffs including the administrative staffs and academic member who are known as the faculties of the college. All the faculty members has a maximum of 30 students in a class at the same time. Accordingly with different departments, there are different courses that the departments offer s. Each course has a number of subjects and each subject is denoted by some particular code. The report cards are generated for the students according to their chosen subjects and grades are given to them according to their performance. The issues that were encountered while drawing the ER Diagram of the company was with the cardinality. The relationships in between all the entities were very complex. The case study given is extremely large and so was very time consuming. The relationship between the entities defines dependencies in between all the attributes of the ERD. Business Rules Entity: ABC Education The company of ABC Education has many branches in different cities. All the branches offer a particular department who gives many numbers of courses. Entity: Course_Details Each entity Course_Details has many Department_Code. Each Department_Code has many Subject_Code included in them. Each Subject_Code has many Study_Period Each entity Course_Details has one and only one College_ID Entity: Manager_Details In entity Manager_Details each Manager_ID is associated with one and only one College_ID. Entity: Staffs In entity Staffs, there are two categories of staffs, and each Staff_ID is associated with only one F_EmailID and As_EmailID. Each Staff_ID is linked with one College_ID and the College_ID may change accordingly from time to time. Entity: Faculty_Staffs In entity Faculty_Staffs, there is a F_EmailID primary key that has one and only one value. In entity Faculty_Staffs, each faculty staff is connected with one or many Student_ID. Entity: Administrative_Staffs In entity Administrative_Staffs, there is a As_EmailID primary key that has one and only one value. Entity: Student In Student Entity, the primary key Student_ID is linked with Report_Card for making the report. In Student Entity, each Student_ID is connected with only one college. In Student Entity, each Student_ID can have one or more than Department_Code. In Student Entity, each Student_ID have many number of Course_Type. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has many Subject_code according to their Course_Type chosen. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has only one F_EmailID for a particular course chosen. In Student Entity, each Student_ID has many Subject_Code, which has many Study_Period. Entity: Subject_Detail In entity Subject_Detail, there is a unique key Subject_Code which has many Class_Detail. In entity Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one Department_Code. In entity Subject_Detail, each Subject_Code has one and many Subject_Period. Entity: Class_Detail In entity Class_Detail, the Study_Period is associated with many Student_ID. Each Study_Period is associated with only one F_EmailID. Each F_EmailID has a maximum of 30 students in each Study_Period. Each Study_Period has many Class_Name. Each Class_Name has many Time_Schedule. Entity: Report_Card In entity Report_Card, each Student_ID has one and only one Student_ID. From the ER Diagram, the total Business process can be handled by the main office of ABC Education. The database of the ERD can handle the employees, managers, and students involved in different colleges located in different locations. There are many numbers of students who enroll themselves in different colleges of ABC Education Company. In ER Diagram. Many data integrity constraints are involved in the ER Diagram of the Company. The issues that arose while drawing the ER Diagram is that the case study was that it was too large and too complex to handle. To minimize the complexity of the ERD, the work can be divided into smaller part so that the database can be handled small. Large database leads to more complexity and the administrator of database finds difficult to handle it. Bibliography Batini, C., Ceri, S. (2017). 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